Water
From HvWiki
Water (H2O) is composed of one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms. Each hydrogen atom is covalently bonded to the oxygen via a shared pair of electrons. Oxygen also has two unshared pairs of electrons. Thus there are 4 pairs of electrons surrounding the oxygen atom, two pairs involved in covalent bonds with hydrogen, and two unshared pairs on the opposite side of the oxygen atom. Oxygen is an "electronegative" or electron "loving" atom compared with hydrogen.
Water is a "polar" molecule, meaning that there is an uneven distribution of electron density. Water has a partial negative charge near the oxygen atom due the unshared pairs of electrons, and partial positive charges near the hydrogen atoms.
- Heat capacity (liquid) 4186 J/(kg·K)
- Heat capacity (gas)
- cp= 1850 J/(kg·K)
- cv= 3724 J/(kg.K)
- Heat capacity (solid 0 °C) 2060 J/(kg·K)
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Heavy water
Heavy water is water in which the hydrogen atoms are replaced by its heavier isotope, deuterium. It is chemically almost identical to normal water. It is slightly toxic.
Ice
Steam
Steam is a pure, completely invisible gas, which at standard atmospheric pressure has a temperature of around 100 degrees Celsius, and occupies about 1 600 times the volume of liquid water (steam can of course be much hotter than the boiling point of water; such steam is usually called superheated steam).
